Geology
Mineralogy focuses on the study of minerals, their chemical composition, crystal structure, properties, and classification.
Petrology studies the origin, composition, and classification of rocks, providing insights into how the Earth's crust is composed.
Structural Geology analyzes Earth's structures such as folds, faults, and rock deformation patterns, crucial for understanding geological processes.
Paleontology delves into the study of fossils and ancient life forms, contributing to our understanding of the Earth's evolutionary history.
Stratigraphy examines the stratification and layering of sedimentary rocks, providing a timeline for geological and biological evolution.
Sedimentology looks at the classification, origin, and distribution of sedimentary deposits, vital for natural resource exploration.
Geochemistry focuses on the chemical makeup and processes of Earth materials, revealing insights about resource distribution and environmental challenges.
Volcanology studies volcanoes, lava, magma, and related geological phenomena, aiming to predict volcanic eruptions and mitigate their dangers.
Geophysics applies physics principles to study the Earth's shape, magnetic and gravitational fields, internal structure, and plate dynamics.
Seismology investigates earthquakes and seismic waves, providing critical information for earthquake prediction and construction standards.
Hydrogeology explores the distribution and movement of groundwater, which is vital for water resource management and protection.
Environmental Geology examines the interactions between humans and the geological environment, including hazard assessment and land-use planning.
Planetary Geology expands the principles of geology to other celestial bodies, comparing the geologic processes and features of planets, moons, and asteroids.
Economic Geology evaluates mineral resources for their potential economic value, guiding mining and extraction industries.
Geomorphology studies landforms and the processes that shape the Earth's surface, from mountain formation to erosion and sediment deposition.
Glaciology examines glaciers and ice sheets, their dynamics, and their impact on the planet's climate and topography.