Biogeography

Historical biogeography focuses on the evolutionary development of species and ecosystems in the context of historical geological events.

Ecological biogeography examines how species interactions and ecosystem processes influence the distribution of organisms.

Conservation biogeography applies biogeographical principles and methods to conserve biodiversity, addressing conservation issues.

Island biogeography studies the unique species and ecological dynamics found on islands, including species migration and extinction.

Marine biogeography explores the distribution patterns of marine organisms in the oceans and seas, influenced by water temperature, salinity, and depth.

Phylogeography combines genetic information with biogeographical data to understand the historical processes shaping species distribution.

Paleobiogeography investigates the distribution of ancient organisms by examining fossil records to trace the evolutionary history of species.

Zoogeography specializes in the geographical distribution of animal species and populations.

Phytogeography focuses on the geographical distribution of plant species, analyzing patterns and environmental factors.

Endemism addresses the phenomena where species are restricted to a particular geographic region, often relating to isolation and unique environmental conditions.

Biogeographical realms classify regions of the Earth into large-scale biogeographic areas based on distinct plant and animal groups.

Species distribution modeling predicts geographic distribution of species based on environmental factors and presence-only or presence-absence data.

Invasion biogeography studies the patterns and processes associated with the introduction and spread of non-native species.

Landscape biogeography examines the effects of spatial patterns and the impact of the landscape structure on the distribution of organisms.

Biogeographic barriers investigate natural features that prevent the spread of species, leading to diversification and speciation.

Bioregionalism explores the connections between natural biogeographic regions, human culture, and the principles of sustainability.