Modern Philosophy
Rationalism emphasizes the role of reason in understanding the world and asserts that certain truths are innate and accessible through intellectual deduction.
Empiricism posits that knowledge comes primarily from sensory experience and that human understanding is rooted in what can be observed and tested.
Kantian Philosophy, founded by Immanuel Kant, tackles the limits of human knowledge, ethics, and aesthetics, bridging rationalism and empiricism with its critical philosophy.
Existentialism explores individual freedom, choice, and responsibility, asserting the importance of personal experience and agency over deterministic philosophical systems.
Phenomenology is a movement that examines the structures of consciousness and the phenomena that appear in acts of consciousness, with an emphasis on human experience.
Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that judges the morality of actions based on their outcomes, aiming for the maximization of overall happiness and well-being.
Marxism presents a method of socioeconomic analysis focusing on material relations and class struggle, often used to critique capitalism and support revolutionary change.
Pragmatism considers thought's practical function and the role of beliefs in guiding action, suggesting knowledge is validated by outcomes rather than a priori principles.
Analytic Philosophy prioritizes precision in argumentation, logical analysis, and the philosophy of language to clarify philosophical problems and concepts.
Continental Philosophy encompasses a diverse array of 19th- and 20th-century European thought with a broad focus on society, culture, and historical context.
Critical Theory examines social, economic, and cultural structures, with the aim of uncovering and challenging power dynamics, ideologies, and societal norms.
Social Contract Theory explores the origin of societies and argues that political order is based on tacit agreements between individuals and the state.
American Transcendentalism is a philosophical and literary movement emphasizing intuition, spirituality, and individual conscience, rooted in idealist principles.
Schopenhauer's Philosophy focuses on the role of human desire and the will, highlighting the ways in which they shape our perception and drive our actions.
Nietzsche's Philosophy challenges established morality, promoting the concept of the 'Übermensch' and the will to power as a driving force in human achievement.
Freudian Psychoanalysis delves into the unconscious mind, exploring how subconscious thoughts and feelings influence behavior and contribute to psychological development.